Fractional Spur Reduction Using Controlled Clock Jitter

ABSTRACT

In one embodiment, an apparatus includes a jitter generator configured to receive a reference clock; add jitter to the reference clock; and output the reference clock with the included jitter to a phase lock loop (PLL). The PLL is used to generate a local oscillator (LO) signal for a transceiver. A jitter controller outputs a signal to the jitter generator to control a characteristic of the jitter added to the reference clock. The reference clock with the added jitter is used to reduce a fractional spur caused by a radio frequency (RF) attacker coupling into the PLL.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present disclosure claims priority to U.S. Provisional App. No.61/368,459 entitled “A PLL Fractional Spurs Reduction” filed Jul. 2010,which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for allpurposes.

BACKGROUND

Particular embodiments generally relate to phase lock loops (PLLs).Unless otherwise indicated herein, the approaches described in thissection are not prior art to the claims in this application and are notadmitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section.

FIG. 1 a discloses an example of a PLL 100. PLL 100 may be part of atransceiver that transmits/receives a radio frequency signal. PLL 100generates a local oscillator (LO) signal that is used in upconversion ordownconversion of a radio frequency signal in a transceiver. PLL 100includes a crystal oscillator 102 (TCXO) configured to generate areference clock signal. TCXO 102 may be an external component to a chipincluding PLL 100. Reference clock buffers 104 buffer the referenceclock signal and output the signal to a phase frequency detector 106.Phase frequency detector 106 compares a phase difference between theclock signal and a feedback signal received in a feedback loop.Frequency detector 106 outputs a signal that represents the differencein phase between the two input signals.

A charge pump 108 and a loop filter 110 convert the phase informationoutput by phase frequency detector 106 into a voltage or current. Forexample, a tuning voltage Vtune is a control signal input into a radiofrequency voltage controlled oscillator (RF VCO). RF VCO generates asinusoidal signal with a frequency controlled by tuning voltage Vtune.RF buffers 114 then output the RF signal generated by the RF VCO.

The sinusoidal signal output by RF VCO 112 is also fed back into aninteger frequency divider 116. A sigma-delta (SD) modulator 118 andinteger frequency divider 116 provide non-integer frequency divisioncapability. A fractional average division factor may be achieved. Thephase of the signal output by integer frequency divider 116 is comparedwith the phase from the input reference signal. The comparison is usedto adjust the RF VCO frequency to keep phase lock.

Fractional spurs may be generated in PLL 100. Two main mechanisms maycause the generation. For example, a fractional spur may be generateddue to sigma-delta modulator quantization noise combined withnon-linearity of the PLL loop. A sigma-delta modulator may be used todrive the integer frequency divider division factor to obtain afractional average division factor, which may introduce noise into PLL100. Non-linearity of several blocks in PLL 100, such as integerfrequency divider 116, phase frequency detector 106, and charge pump 108may cause generation of fractional spurs.

Fractional spurs may also be generated by sub-sampling of a radiofrequency (RF) carrier (RF attacker) by blocks of PLL 100 working at thereference frequency F_(ref). For example, frequency divider 116, phasefrequency detector 106, charge pump 108, and reference clock buffers 104are usually sensitive digital circuits clocked at reference frequencyF_(ref). These blocks sub-sample the RF attacker and convert the RFattacker to baseband as a fractional spur. These spurs may be considereddominant in PLL 100. The spurs may be generated from RF attackers at thelocal oscillation (LO) frequency and the multiple/sub-multiples of theLO frequency.

FIG. 1 b shows an example of the spectrum of the RF carrier generated byPLL 100, featuring phase noise and fractional spurs. At 120, an RFcarrier is shown at the local oscillating frequency f_(lo). At 122,phase noise is shown. Fractional spurs are shown at 124. The fractional/spurs are generated at an offset Δf from the RF carrier. If the offsetΔf is smaller than the PLL bandwidth, the fractional spurs are notfiltered by PLL 100 and can degrade the RF carrier spectrum and alsosystem performance. A spectral emission mask can be violated in thetransmitter because the baseband spectrum is up-converted around thefractional spurs. Also, reception in the presence of strong interferers(blockers) can be compromised in the receiver because fractional spursdown-convert the interferer to baseband.

FIG. 1 c shows an example of the generation of fractional spurs. An RFattacker may be any RF carrier in the system that may result in spurioustones. RF attackers may be the RF signals distributed by RF VCO 112 andRF buffers 114 across a chip that includes the transmitter/receiver. TheRF attackers may couple to blocks of PLL 100 that are implemented asdigital circuits that are clocked at reference frequency F_(ref). Theseblocks are typically reference clock buffers 104, phase frequencydetectors 106, charge pump 108, and frequency divider 116. Coupling mayoccur in different ways, such as substrate coupling, ground/supplycoupling, magnetic coupling, etc.

If an RF attacker is superimposed on a clock signal of a frequencyF_(ref), and this clock signal drives an edge-sensitive digital circuit,the RF attacker undergoes sub-sampling. The resulting signal is affectedby jitter and may feature two sidebands at Δf from the clock signalfundamental frequency F_(ref). FIG. 1 d shows the effects of an RFattacker. For example, at 126, an RF attacker 128 is superimposed on aclock signal 120. After clock signal 120 is input into an edge-sensitivedigital block 130, jitter 132 appears on clock signal 120. For example,sidebands 136 result at Δf from clock signal 120 fundamental frequency.Sidebands 136 are transferred at the output of PLL 100 as sidebands atΔf around the RF carrier frequency f_(lo), which are referred to asfractional spurs. Because the fractional spurs are amplified by PLLfeedback division factor (>>1), even a small RF attacker can causespurious tones to appear at the RF output. For example, at 134, an RFattacker is shown at frequency f_(rf)=kF_(ref)+Δf, where k is aninteger. At 136, the fractional spurs are shown at the output as +/−Δfsidebands around the clock signal frequency F_(ref). These fractionalspurs are then amplified by the PLL as +/−Δf sidebands 136 around the RFcarrier frequency f_(lo).

SUMMARY

In one embodiment, an apparatus includes a jitter generator configuredto receive a reference clock; add jitter to the reference clock; andoutput the reference clock with the included jitter to a phase lock loop(PLL). The PLL is used to generate a local oscillator (LO) signal for atransceiver. A jitter controller outputs a signal to the jittergenerator to control a characteristic of the jitter added to thereference clock. The reference clock with the added jitter is used toreduce a fractional spur caused by a radio frequency (RF) attackercoupling into the PLL.

In one embodiment, the characteristic of the jitter adds a small amountof energy inside a bandwidth of the PLL to limit degradation of the RFsignal spectrum.

In one embodiment, energy that is out of the PLL bandwidth is filteredout by the PLL.

In one embodiment, the characteristic of the jitter includes a magnitudecomparable to a period of the RF attacker causing the fractional spur.

In one embodiment, the jitter eliminates the fractional spur.

In one embodiment, a system where the PLL is configured to receive thereference clock with the added jitter and output the LO signal based onthe reference clock with the added jitter.

In one embodiment, the method includes receiving a reference clock. Acontrol signal is received to control a characteristic of jitter addedto the reference clock. The method adds the jitter to the referenceclock based on the control signal and outputs the reference clock withthe added jitter to a phase lock loop (PLL). The PLL is used to generatea local oscillator (LO) signal for a transceiver. The reference clockwith the added jitter is used to reduce a fractional spur caused by aradio frequency (RF) attacker coupling into the PLL.

In one embodiment, adding the jitter includes selecting a delayedreference clock signal from a first delay line that includes a pluralityof delay elements, wherein each delay element delays the reference clockby a delay amount.

In one embodiment, receiving the control signal includes receiving aselection code indicating which delayed reference clock signal from oneof the delay elements should be selected.

In one embodiment, a sequence of selection codes is received to selectdifferent delayed reference signals to control the characteristic of thejitter.

The following detailed description and accompanying drawings provide amore detailed understanding of the nature and advantages of the presentinvention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 a shows an example of a PLL.

FIG. 1 b shows an example of the RF carrier spectrum and also fractionalspurs.

FIG. 1 c shows an example of the generation of fractional spurs.

FIG. 1 d shows the effects of an RF attacker.

FIG. 2 depicts an example of a transceiver that includes a jittercontrol block according to one embodiment.

FIG. 3 shows a graph of the spurs amplitude with respect to the originalcase with no jitter according to one embodiment.

FIG. 4 a shows the effect of PLL filtering according to one embodiment.

FIG. 4 b shows a 3 MHz offset spur at the PLL output due to thereference modulation according to one embodiment.

FIG. 5 shows a more detailed example of the jitter control blockaccording to one embodiment.

FIG. 6 depicts an example of the jitter control block using a digitalsigma-delta modulator according to one embodiment.

FIG. 7 shows the conversion of a fractional spur to white noiseaccording to one embodiment.

FIG. 8 shows an example of applying programmability to the jittercontrol block according to one embodiment.

FIG. 9 depicts a simplified flowchart of a method for generating a clocksignal with jitter according to one embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Described herein are techniques for a reference clock generation system.In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerousexamples and specific details are set forth in order to provide athorough understanding of embodiments of the present invention.Particular embodiments as defined by the claims may include some or allof the features in these examples alone or in combination with otherfeatures described below, and may further include modifications andequivalents of the features and concepts described herein.

FIG. 2 depicts an example of a transceiver 206 that includes a jittercontrol block 200 according to one embodiment. Jitter control block maybe coupled to a PLL 201. PLL 201 generates a local oscillator (LO)signal that is used in upconversion or downconversion of a radiofrequency signal in transceiver 206. PLL 201 may include similarelements to the PLL described in FIG. 1 a. However, jitter control block200 receives a reference clock signal from a crystal oscillator andoutputs a reference clock signal with jitter to PLL 201. For example, aclean reference clock may be input into a jitter generator 202. Forexample, jitter generator 202 may transform a jitter-free referenceclock signal (“clean”) to a clock signal with jitter that includescertain characteristics. Jitter generator 202 may introduce a controlledamount of jitter τ(t) in the clean reference clock signal. Jittergenerator 202 outputs the reference clock with controlled jitter.

Jitter controller 204 drives jitter generator 202 and controls variouscharacteristics of the jitter, such as amplitude, frequency, spectralcharacteristics, etc. In one embodiment, being controlled means thatjitter features a small energy inside the PLL bandwidth so that the RFcarrier spectrum degradation is small. By this means, out-of-band energymay be effectively filtered by the PLL input to output low pass transferfunction. Thus, most jitter energy may be outside of the PLL bandwidth.Also, jitter magnitude (peak or root mean square (RMS), depending on thecharacteristics of jitter τ(t)) should be significant compared to theperiod of an RF attacker, 1/F_(RF).

Depending on the spectrum of jitter τ(t), a fractional spur may beattenuated or completely eliminated, and moved to a more convenientfrequency offset (e.g., outside the PLL bandwidth) where the fractionalspur can be more effectively filtered. Also, the fractional spur may beconverted to a noise floor (e.g., white noise), which reduces thespectral emission per unit bandwidth. The noise floor may include thesame energy as the fractional spur, but at a lower spectral density.Thus, instead of a large tone, a noise floor exists that may be filteredand in some cases be less detrimental for system performance.

The clock jitter is introduced to mitigate self-interference from RFsignals (RF attackers) in RF transceiver 206. The clock signal is notthe attacker in this case. Rather, the introduction of clock jitterreduces the effect of RF attackers on the transceiver's performance.

In one example, sinusoidal jitter is introduced into the referenceclock. For example, sinusoidal jitter may have a peak amplitude Δt andmodulation frequency F_(m). The jitter may be defined by:

cos└2πF _(ref) t+2πF _(ref) Δt·cos(2πF _(m) t)┘

F_(ref)=26 MHz, F_(m)=3 MHz

The RF attacker frequency is chosen to cause a fractional spur at Δf=400kHz frequency offset:

F _(RF) =KF _(ref) +Δf with Δf=400 kHz

Thus, fractional spurs may appear as follows due to RF attackersub-sampling in components of PLL 201:

Fractional spur residual at 400 kHz

New spurs at 1 MHz+/−400 kHz (i.e. 600 kHz and 1.4 MHz)

New spurs at 2 MHz+/−400 kHz (i.e. 1.6 MHz and 2.4 MHz)

Modulation spur at 3 MHz offset due to reference clock jitter

The amplitude of the fractional spur at 400 kHz offset relative to theamplitude of the fractional spur at 400 kHz offset as described in thebackground (the case with no jitter added to the reference clock signal)is reduced as shown in FIG. 3. New spurs are generated at largerfrequency offsets (1 MHz+−400 kHz and 2 MHz+−400 kHz).

FIG. 3 shows a graph 300 of the spurs amplitude with respect to theclock signal with no jitter according to one embodiment. The Y axis isthe reduction in amplitude in decibels (dB) from a conventional clockwith no jitter. Also, the X axis is the normalized peak jitterΔt/T_(RF). As shown, a reduction in amplitude has occurred for the 400KHz (Δf) spur shown at 302, while new spurs are generated: the 2.6 MHz(F_(m)−Δf) spur shown at 304, the 1.6/2.4 MHz (F_(ref)−8*F_(m)+/−Δf)spurs shown at 306, and the 0.6/1.4 MHz (9*F_(m)−F_(ref)+/−Δf) spursshown at 308. Also, as shown at 310, a greater than 10 dB reduction forthe 400 kHz signal for Δt>0.7*T_(RF) is obtained. Also, graph 300 doesnot take into account low pass filtering of PLL 201, which removes thespurs that are outside of the PLL's bandwidth.

In one embodiment, by increasing the jitter peak magnitude with respectto the RF attacker period, the 400 KHz spur can be reduced significantlyand even eliminated for some Δt/T_(RF) ratios. Also, the energy of thespurs is transferred to tones at higher offsets where filtering of PLL201 can be more effective. For example, FIG. 4 a shows the effect of PLLfiltering according to one embodiment. In the example, the bandwidth ofthe PLL is set to 80 kHz, thus progressively attenuating spurs atoffsets greater than 80 kHz. At 302, the 400 KHz spur is attenuated bymore than 10 dB for ΔT>0.7*T_(RF). The new generated tones at 304 and306 are >18 dB below the original 400 KHz tone. The overall PLL spectralperformance is significantly improved with respect to the original case.

FIG. 4 b shows a 3 MHz modulation spur at the PLL output due to thereference modulation according to one embodiment. A 3 MHz modulationspur also appears at a <55 dBc level. The magnitude of the modulationspur at 3 MHz may be reduced by increasing modulation frequency F_(m).Also, by proper choice of the modulation frequency F_(m) of the jitter,newly generated tones can be arranged in a more convenient way (e.g.,avoiding the 600 KHz tone, moving the tones to higher offsets, etc.).

FIG. 5 shows a more detailed example of jitter control block 200according to one embodiment. A delay line 502, an edge selector 504, anda digital sequence generator 506 may be included as jitter generator 202and jitter controller 204. In one example, delay line 502 and edgeselector 504 may be considered part of jitter generator 202 and digitalsequence generator 506 as part of jitter controller 204.

A clean reference clock is generated by a reference clock generator 508.This is input into delay line 502. Delay line 502 includes a number ofdelay elements 510a-510N. Each delay element 510 may be of the same unitof delay, such as a delay τ. Delay line 502 creates a set of delayedreplicas of the clean reference clock.

Edge selector 504 includes N inputs and one output that go to PLL 201.The N inputs are from each delay element 510. Thus, N delayed replicasof the clean reference clock are input into edge selector 504. Edgeselector 504 then selects one of the N delayed replicas according to avalue of an edge selection code received from digital sequence generator506. In one embodiment, the edge selection code is updated once everyreference clock period l/F_(ref). Timing may be provided to guarantee aglitch-free output of the reference clock with jitter.

Digital sequence generator 506 generates a sequence q_(k) of edgeselection codes to introduce the desired amount of jitter onto the cleanreference clock signal with the desired spectral characteristics. Thedigital sequence generator is clocked at the clock frequency F_(ref) toupdate the edge selection code once every reference period. The jitterintroduced can be expressed as q_(k)*τ, with q_(k)=1 . . . N. Digitalsequence generator 506 generates the edge selection code to select adifferent delay element. The selection of different delayed replicas ofthe clean reference clock includes jitter on the reference clock outputby edge selector 504.

Digital sequence generator 506 may be implemented in different ways. Forexample, FIG. 6 depicts an example of jitter control block 200 using adigital sigma-delta modulator 602 according to one embodiment. Otherways may also be used, such as a programmable sequence generator using ashift register/look-up table (e.g. for sinusoidal, squarewave, andtriangular wave modulations), a pseudo-random sequence generator usingshift registers, and other implementations.

Digital sigma-delta modulator 602 may be an L^(th) order digitalsigma-delta modulator. For example, a multi-stage noise shaping (MASH)sigma-delta modulator may be used. A ΣA input (not shown) may bereceived at digital sigma-delta modulator 602. Digital sigma-deltamodulator 602 then codes the ΣA input into the edge selection code. Thenumber of delay elements N may be equal to the number of levels at theΣA output of the edge selection code. That is, the output would have abit specific to a delay element. Digital sigma-delta modulator 602 mayintroduce quantization noise, which may corrupt the reference clockspectrum. However, the noise-shaping capability of digital sigma-deltamodulator 602 pushes the quantization noise energy to high frequencies.For example, the quantization noise energy from digital sigma-deltamodulator 602 is high pass shaped and pushed around the frequencyF_(ref)/2. The input to output low pass transfer function of PLL 201 canattenuate the noise, since the PLL bandwidth is usually much smallerthan the reference clock frequency F_(ref). In this case, filtering ofPLL 201 can suppress this noise at the PLL output. Also, the ΣA inputcan be selected to optimize spectral performance and add dithering toavoid idle tones.

Digital sigma-delta modulator 602 may be configured to convert afractional spur into white noise. FIG. 7 shows the conversion of afractional spur to white noise according to one embodiment. A fractionalspur is shown at 702, which occurs when no jitter is included in thereference clock signal. At 704, a white noise floor is shown. In thiscase, the spectral power of the fractional spur at 702 has beenconverted into a white noise floor, with same energy as the originalspur but constant spectral density from 0 offset to F_(ref)/2 offset.For example, as the normalized unit delay of the reference clock withjitter approaches half of the period of the RF attacker, the spur isgradually converted into a white noise floor. This results in a spectralpower reduction of 27 dB, considering a 30 kHz spectral densityintegration bandwidth and F_(ret)=26 MHz.

The energy of the spur is converted into a noise floor that has the sameenergy, but has a lower spectral density.

The spectral power reduction may be optimized when the unit delay of thereference clock with jitter is centered around 0.5*T_(rf) (half theperiod of the RF attacker). In some cases, more RF attackers are presentat super- or sub-harmonics of the local oscillator frequency. For agiven RF channel, only one attacker may be generating the spur closestto the carrier. Particular embodiments may add programmability to delayline 502 to optimize the delay for the most dangerous RF attacker in achannel-dependent way. FIG. 8 shows an example of applyingprogrammability and calibration capability to jitter control block 200according to one embodiment. In some communication standards, the rangeof LO frequencies to be covered is broad, which determines a largevariation of T_(RF) and makes optimizing the delay τ to 0.5T_(RF)difficult. A first block 802 includes a master delay line embedded intoa delay lock loop (DLL). A delay line 804 receives a clock related toT_(RF) (the period of the RF attacker). The DLL composed of programmabledelay elements, a phase detector 808 and a loop filter 810 provides acalibrated delay control (either analog or digital) to a second block812.

Second block 812 includes a slave delay line 814, edge selector 504, anddigital sequence generator 506. Slave delay line 814 receives areference clock signal from reference clock generator 202. First block802 and second block 812 may be used in a master/slave configuration totune/calibrate the unit delay to be as close as possible to 0.5 T_(RF)against process-voltage-temperature (PVT) variations and T_(ref)variations. In this case, the appropriate delay τ can be achieved tointroduce the desired jitter. The DLL is used to tune/calibrate the unitdelay to be as close to 0.5T_(RF) as possible.

FIG. 9 depicts a simplified flowchart 900 of a method for generating aclock signal with jitter according to one embodiment. At 902, a cleanreference clock is received. A clean reference clock may be generated byreference clock generator that is off-chip. Jitter is then added to thereference clock. For example, at 904, a signal is received to control acharacteristic of the jitter added to the reference clock. A delayedreference clock signal from a different delay element 510 may beselected to introduce the amount of jitter into the reference clocksignal. At 906, the delayed reference clock signal is selected based onthe control signal. At 908, the reference clock with jitter is output toPLL 201. The reference clock with the included jitter is used to reducefractional spurs located around a radio frequency carrier generated byPLL 201.

As used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow,“a”, “an”, and “the” includes plural references unless the contextclearly dictates otherwise. Also, as used in the description herein andthroughout the claims that follow, the meaning of “in” includes “in” and“on” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

The above description illustrates various embodiments of the presentinvention along with examples of how aspects of the present inventionmay be implemented. The above examples and embodiments should not bedeemed to be the only embodiments, and are presented to illustrate theflexibility and advantages of the present invention as defined by thefollowing claims. Based on the above disclosure and the followingclaims, other arrangements, embodiments, implementations and equivalentsmay be employed without departing from the scope of the invention asdefined by the claims.

1. An apparatus comprising: a jitter generator configured to: receive areference clock; add jitter to the reference clock; and output thereference clock with the added jitter to a phase lock loop (PLL), thePLL being used to generate a local oscillator (LO) signal for atransceiver; and a jitter controller configured to output a signal tothe jitter generator to control a characteristic of the jitter added tothe reference clock, wherein the reference clock with the added jitteris used to reduce a fractional spur caused by a radio frequency (RF)attacker coupling into the PLL.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein thejitter generator comprises a delay line including a plurality of delayelements, wherein each delay element delays the reference clock by adelay amount.
 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the jitter controllercomprises an edge selector configured to select a delayed referencesignal output by one of the delay elements to output the reference clockwith the jitter.
 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the jittercontroller further comprises a sequence generator configured to generatea selection code indicating which delayed reference signal output by oneof the delay elements should be selected by the edge selector.
 5. Theapparatus of claim 4, wherein a sequence of selection codes aregenerated to select different delayed reference signals output by delayelements to control the characteristic of the jitter.
 6. The apparatusof claim 2, wherein: the jitter generator further comprises a seconddelay line; the first delay line is configured to receive a clock signalrelated to a period of the RF attacker; a delay locked loop isconfigured to output a delay control signal based on the reference clockrelated to the period of the RF attacker; and the delay control signalis used to tune the delay amount of each delay element in the seconddelay line.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the characteristic ofthe jitter adds a small amount of energy inside a bandwidth of the PLLto limit degradation of the RF signal spectrum.
 8. The apparatus ofclaim 7, wherein energy that is out of the PLL bandwidth is filtered outby the PLL.
 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the characteristic ofthe jitter includes a magnitude comparable to a period of the RFattacker that causes the fractional spur.
 10. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the jitter eliminates the fractional spur.
 11. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the jitter has a modulation frequency that moves atleast a portion of the fractional spur to a frequency offset out of abandwidth of the PLL.
 12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the jitterconverts the fractional spur to a noise floor.
 13. A system comprisingthe apparatus of claim 1, wherein the PLL is configured to: receive thereference clock with the added jitter; and output the LO signal based onthe reference clock with the added jitter.
 14. A method comprising:receiving a reference clock; receiving a control signal to control acharacteristic of jitter added to the reference clock; adding the jitterto the reference clock based on the control signal; and outputting thereference clock with the added jitter to a phase lock loop (PLL), thePLL being used to generate a local oscillator (LO) signal for atransceiver, wherein the reference clock with the added jitter is usedto reduce a fractional spur caused by a radio frequency (RF) attackercoupling into the PLL.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein adding thejitter comprises selecting a delayed reference clock signal from a firstdelay line that includes a plurality of delay elements, wherein eachdelay element delays the reference clock by a delay amount.
 16. Themethod of claim 15, wherein receiving the control signal comprisesreceiving a selection code indicating which delayed reference clocksignal from one of the delay elements should be selected.
 17. The methodof claim 16, wherein a sequence of selection codes is received to selectdifferent delayed reference signals to control the characteristic of thejitter.
 18. The method of claim 15, further comprising: providing asecond delay line that includes a plurality of delay elements, whereineach delay element delays the reference clock by a delay amount;receiving a clock related to a period of the RF signal through the firstdelay line; delaying the clock related to the RF signal to output adelay control signal; receiving the delay control signal to tune thedelay amount of each delay element of the second delay line.
 19. Themethod of claim 14, further comprising: receiving a sigma delta input;and interpreting the sigma delta input to determine a code and to outputthe code as the control signal.
 20. The method of claim 14, wherein thecharacteristic causes the jitter to have a magnitude comparable to aperiod of the RF attacker causing the fractional spur.